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Chapter 9 Notes by Katlynn Hopkins 3rd Hour Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 The Slavic peoples settled in central and eastern Europe, forming new kingdoms. Section 4
 * Once Germanic people spread over the Roman Empire they brought different structures of government.
 * The Frankish kingdom was the strongest of the early German states and develpoed new laws based on the importance of family.
 * Frankish kingdom was established by Clovis.
 * Clovis became the first Germanic ruler to convert to Christianity.
 * After Clovis became a Christian the Catholic Church was eager to gain the friendship of a major ruler in the Germanic states.
 * New Germanic kingdoms developed in areas that had once belonged to the Western Roman Empire.
 * The New Frankish kingdoms stretched from the Pyrenees in the Southwest to German lands in the East.
 * After Clovis's death, the kingdom was divided among his sons.
 * Germans and Romans came together to form a new society.
 * In social customs Germanic people had a bigger influence.
 * Extended families provided protection.
 * The Germans concept of family affected the way of Germanic law treated the problem of crime and punishment
 * In the Roman system a crime such as murder was considered an offense against society/the state.
 * Germanic law-personal *Ex: injury by one person led to a blood feud which led to revenge.
 * The Bishop of Rome became the leader of the Christian Church
 * The Church played a big role of the new European civilization.
 * Gregory I strengthened the power of papacy.
 * Monks became the new Christian heroes
 * Charlemagne expanded the Frankish Kingdom and created the Carolingian Empire.
 * Vikings,Magyars, and Muslims invaded Europe during the 9th and 10th centuries.
 * Charlemagne held his empire together with his personal powers and prestige as a leader and the strong administrative system he established
 * Europe was beset by a wave of invasions.
 * Vikings were a Germanic people.
 * A system of lords and vassals spread throughout Europe after the collapse of the Carolingian Empire.
 * Men and women of the nobility were guided by a code of ethical behavior and society's expectations of their roles.
 * King John of England put his seal on the Magna Carta in 1215.
 * Strong monarchies developed in France and England, while Germany and Italy consisted of independent states.
 * The power of the English monarchy was enlarged during the reign of Henry II
 * Many English nobles resented the on going growth of the king's power and rebelled during the reign of King John.
 * Feudal custom had recognized that the relationship between king and vassals was based on mutual rights and obligations.
 * In 843, the Carolingian Empire was divided into 3 sections one of them the west Frankish lands formed the core of the kingdom in France.
 * In 987, after the last Carolingian king died the rest of the Frankish nobles made Hugh Capet, their king establishing the capetian dynasty of French kings
 * The reign of Phillip II Augustus who reigned from 1180-1223 was a turning point in the french monarchy, expanding it's income and power Phillip fought wars to take the English control of the french territories of Normandy, Maine, Anjou, Aquitaine.
 * Unlike England and France, the lands of Germany and Italy did not become united during the Middle Ages.
 * Frederick I and Frederick II, instead of building a strong German kingdom, tried to create a new kind of empire.
 * The Eastern Roman Empire evolved into the smaller Byzantine Empire, which preserved and transmitted Greek and Roman culture.
 * Justinian's most important contribution was his codification of Roman law.
 * The Byzantine Empire was both a Greek and a Christian state.
 * The Macedonians expeanded the Byzantine, but new threats arose in the late eleventh century.
 * The Crusades had a significant effect on medieval society in both the East and the West.
 * From the 11th-13th centuries, many Europeans attempted to take control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims.
 * Chapter 13 by Yafeng Jiang and Katlynn Hopkins**
 * Europeans began to explore distant lands, motivated by religious zeal and the promise of gold and glory.
 * Marco Polo traveled with his uncle and father to the Chinese court of Kublai Khan and wrote a book about it called //The Travels.//
 * Marco Polo even inspired Christopher Columbus to travel, just by reading his book.
 * Hernan Cortes was the spanish conqueror of Mexico.
 * //Gold, glory, and gold// were the chief motives for the European expansion
 * Portugese and Spanish explorers took the lead in discovering new lands.
 * The Portugese were the first successful European explorers because of guns and seamanship.
 * Educated government-sponsored explorers from many countries joined the race to the Americas.
 * The great Aztec and Inca civilizations succumbed to the Spanish.
 * Conquistadors were individuals whose firearms, organizational skills, and determination brought them incredible success.
 * The Aztec ruled from Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific coast.
 * Hernan Cortes arrived in Tenochtitlan and was welcomed by the Montezuma.
 * Fransisco Pizarro caputred Atahuallpa.
 * Encomienda is a system of labor the Spanish used in the Amer